RECLAIM THE RECORDS FOR NEW JERSEY

RECLAIM THE RECORDS- NEW JERSEY SEARCH

New Jersey - so near New York - is what I call a difficult state.  I do believe in privacy laws and I know there is good reason to have them. However, I have come to think that some town librarians in that state have basically been stubborn about allowing collections that should be available to be filmed or digitalized. New Jersey is a historically important Colonial state, involved in the American Revolution and the Civil War. Those records seem to be available. But more modern ones - not so!

Have fun with RECLAIM THE RECORDS and see what's new!

*** As a note. New Jersey research often links to New York and Pennsylvania, as well as some other states. Check especially when your ancestors lived hear state borders!  For instance, one ancestor who lived their life in New Jersey, spent their last years in a Pennsylvania retirement home and their death certificate was from Pennsylvania.

*** The New Jersey State Archives may be helpful.

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CITIZENSHIP : UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : #4 COLONIALS WHO BECAME CITIZENS OF THE NEW UNITED STATES : REVOKING BRITISH CITIZENSHIP and BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP

UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION : CONSTITUTION ANNOTATED

Here's an excerpt: Read the whole article at the link!

During the eighteenth century and prior to American independence, the British Parliament passed laws that allowed certain foreign nationals to naturalize and become subjects if they met specific requirements under those laws. For instance, a 1709 law allowed the naturalization of foreign Protestants who took an oath of allegiance and paid a small fee.8 More significantly for the American colonies, in 1740, the British Parliament passed a law that uniformly provided for the naturalization of any foreign national residing in a British colony for at least seven years, effectively superseding the naturalization policies of the individual colonies.

image of Lady Liberty is from GraphicsFairy

THANKSGIVING

 

GIVING INTERNET ARCHIVE A TRY : THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION COLLECTION

INTERNET ARCHIVES : DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION SEARCH brings up lots of DAR Magazines, some lineage books, annual conference books, and much more.  Worth a look!

INTERNET ARCHIVE : LINK TO DAR INDEX ROLLS OF HONOR from 1916  Go to the index and see the names of men who served in the American Revolution...

TRY A SEARCH such as Daughters of the American Revolution + a state

GIVING INTERNET ARCHIVE A TRY - RESEARCHING PENNSYLVANIA and THE WHISKY REBELLION

Internet Archive continually updates publications and other materials that are out of copyright, and for our purposes that means historical research.  Let's say you believe you have an ancestor who was alive in Western Pennsylvania and farmed.  Could that person have been one of the Whisky tax protesters who participated in the Whisky Rebellion (also called The Whisky Insurrection)?  When farmers could not profit from crops planted in rocky soil, they decided to make whisky instead...  Could your ancestor be named? 

ARCHIVE ORG - PENNSYLVANIA published in 1852 about the 1794 Rebellion . The publisher is the Pennsylvania Secretary of the Commonwealth and others.

One of the things I love about this book is that the index is intact and so you can go right to the index with the slide bar and page back. You are bound to see some surnames that are also the names of settlements. There are also references to Six Nations (Native Americans).

ARCHIVE ORG - START PAGE FOR SEARCH

JACK ALLTRADE

I though this illustration was fun and only too true of our colonial ancestors who had many a "side-hustle."

HEADRIGHT LAND GRANTS BEGAN IN THE COLONIES WITH THE VIRGINIA COMPANY

What was the incentive for a person to leave Europe and immigrate to a new country across the Atlantic Ocean? Transportation was on a wooden sail ship - small - called a bark (a bark had three or more masts) and rugged.  One might not survive the trip or leave family behind, never to be seen again.

Often it was the promise of land by HEADRIGHT or of employment.  Back in Europe those who were not in line to inherit, because they were not first sons, thought the idea of owning land despite the risks was the only way to get ahead.  But what if you were already here and experiencing a labor shortage?  You could import a laborer and become entitled to land!  Head in the term headright refers to ONE PERSON and that person might come as an indentured servant or as a laborer.  Many American Ancestors came this way.  The system spread from 1618 in Jamestown, Virginia  - from The Virginia Colony (which was the same as the Virginia Company) to other states such as Maryland, Georgia, and the Carolinas. For those who imported a laborer, the grants away usually fifty (50) acres per HEAD.

The system, which spread also to the Plymouth Colony, is controversial also because the indentured servant might spend about seven years paying off their voyage costs to the person who imported them, but then slaves were also brought in this way.  In a future post we'll look at the implications of that practice.

If you're searching for Colonial American Ancestors, consider learning the history of the region you find them and also look for documentation of land ownership or grants.

HERE is a link to AMERICAN HISTORY CENTRAL

Excerpt: In 1618, the Virginia Company approved the “Charter of Orders, Lawes, and Privileges” that implemented the Headright System. The system provided an incentive to wealthy investors to send more workers to Jamestown and the Virginia Colony.

Most of the workers the investors paid for were indentured servants or enslaved people.

The investor retained ownership of the land they received for each worker.

The system contributed to the growth of the population in the colonies, especially Virginia, along with the expansion of the lower class and chattel slavery.

The Headright System was modified in 1699 so investors could not receive land for indentured servants or slaves.

INTERNET ARCHIVE presents an ONLINE RED BOOK of American State, County, and Town Sources

Ok, it's twenty years old and things have probably changed but this RED BOOK should give you some idea of what's available and you can always run searches for new addresses and contact information.

Internet Archive : RED BOOK (2004) Red book : American state, county & town sources

Excerpt: provides updated county and town listings within the same overall state-by-state organization ... information on records and holdings for every county in the United States, as well as excellent maps from renowned mapmaker William Dollarhide ... The availability of census records such as federal, state, and territorial census reports is covered in detail ... Vital records are also discussed, including when and where they were kept and how"--from publisher description

AMERICAN ANCESTORS DATABASES of THE NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY

I do use other databases besides Ancestry TM and FamilySearch.  One of these is called American Ancestors.  Their website includes links to hire a pro.

Excerpt: We offer more than 470 record-based databases to search, containing data from all over the globe. Unique datasets include the Boston Catholic records, the General Society of Mayflower Descendants Applications, and many more.

According to my library, they have access to over 3000 searchable collections.

What I check them for mostly is Irish research especially as those include Boston Roman Catholics.

Years ago there were various start ups and some of those remain on the Internet or grew via volunteers and it seems that Ancestry TM and FamilySearch are the ones have grown the most.  So sometimes the difference is indexing.

There have been times where I checked more than one of the genealogy databases to find people on the census and indexing made all the difference.

THE LIVES OF COLONIAL WOMEN WOMEN VARIED BY ETHNCITY, CLASS, and LOCATION

AMERICAN BATTLEFIELD TRUST on THE LIFESTYLE OF AMERICAN COLONIAL WOMEN 

Excerpt:  The American Battlefield Trust preserves America’s hallowed battlegrounds and educates the public about what happened there and why it matters. As the nation's leading heritage land preservation organization, we have saved more than 57,000 acres of battlefield land in 25 states to date — thanks to the support of our members & partners.

Excerpt from Colonial Women article:

In New England, teachers greatly emphasized literacy for all children to give them the ability to read the Bible as adults, but despite these efforts, female illiteracy became notably widespread, up to 38%, and other regions held even higher numbers. Colonial Virginia and the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (what became New York) held female illiteracy rates of 70% and 60% respectively. Dutch families in particular only seemed interested in teaching young girls the barest essential reading and writing skills, along with housekeeping and etiquette. Some of the girls from wealthier mercantile families also learned very basic arithmetic and bookkeeping skills. For some families, educating their daughters did not stop at the school house. While lower-class women in the South were barely educated, if at all, upper-class girls from Virginia, for instance, were privately tutored on a variety of subjects, like art, music, dancing, as well as French, all to help maintain an active social life. And thanks to higher rates of literacy, many New England women kept private diaries which contained their thoughts on politics, philosophy, and even some poetry. ...

MY DIFFICULT RESEARCH INTO A PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN IMMIGRANT FAMILY: STEP FOURTEEN : POST #10

Step Fourteen :  Cemetery Records

As started, Find A Grave TM did not have postings for the immigrant nuclear family from Germany-Prussia who lived in Pennsylvania or died there. But something very important to remember is that such tombstone websites DO NOT HAVE ALL THE BURIALS IN A CEMETERY. No they do not. Back in the day the emphasis was not on expensive carved tombstones as there is today. In some cemeteries hundreds of burials never had tombstones or those tombstones were destroyed or removed.  

Additionally in modern times the death certificate and the burial paperwork lean on each other. Team that up with an obituary from the newspaper or website and it's all good. 

I researched German cemeteries in the city and and its vicinity and on the Internet up came a historical one.  Some good souls had listed all the burials in that cemetery.  And under yet another variation of the surname I found both the first female immigrant ancestor of my client and a man who is likely her husband, who lived into his 80's.

I've called that cemetery long distance three times and they NEVER get back to me.  Don't you just hate messages that claim they will call right back?  And there's no information on when someone is in the office - if ever.

I'll let you know.  I'm praying that there is something on the burial about where these people came from.  But the INDEX to the burial does not say!

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MY DIFFICULT RESEARCH INTO A PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN IMMIGRANT FAMILY : STEP THIRTEEN : POST #9

Step thirteen : Deaths for the County in Pennsylvania where the Immigrant nuclear family lived. Checking Pennsylvania deaths.

If I had not found the naturalization for the 18 year old mentioned in the previous post, I would not have been able to do this next step.  

Find A Grave TM is a web site I have very mixed feelings about.  People are uploading death certificates and I think that is beyond tacky (defying the sensibility that the dead should be left in peace) but also a total privacy invasion.  Sure, if you find out that some relatives of yours posted, you might be able to take it down, but it was up for the world to see, and that is disrespecting the living too.

As previously stated members of this clients family had gone so far in their research and some of the more modern ancestors generations from the immigrant nuclear family from Germany-Prussia, were on Find A Grave TM.

But one thing we should not forget is that Find A Grave is not the end-all. If this were a more modern family who lived at a time, as we do now, where people were forced to have Identification cards, and their birth, marriage, and death, were documented that would be an early research task. But these people lived in the  - and the full names of family members did not appear until 1850. 

Now that I knew that there was a possibility that the family used a different surname I was able to find the death of the first female immigrant ancestor from Prussia.  She was not yet 40 and had died of TB.

TB usually takes some years to kill a person and it gives us the speculation that this hard-working family had a sick wife and mother that required attention. 

Hold that thought!

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MY DIFFICULT RESEARCH INTO A PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN IMMIGRANT FAMILY : STEP TWELVE : POST #8

Step Twelve : Citizenship of the nuclear immigrant family.

Historical research is in order here because in Pennsylvania some people pledged to become citizens of the state early on, and then the requirements for becoming a citizen changed when it came to how many YEARS an immigrant had to wait. But one thing was certain and that is that when the head of household, a man, became a citizen, his wife and all his children who had not reached adulthood would also become citizens. The United States was looking for hard working and self supporting individuals who were also honorable and decent which means that they were not criminals. It helped to integrate into the community and make some friends and go to church. In this case, since we do not know when the family arrived exactly counting years forward isn't precise and then, of course, just because you had to wait a certain number of years does not mean that they didn't wait longer.

In this search I found something of terrific interest that would lead forward the research. Well sort of; it still would not lead to the goal of finding out where in Germany-Prussia our immigrant family came from.  However.... I found the son of the immigrant family had walked in and sworn he had entered Pennsylvania / The United States before the age of 18 and that day he was sworn in.

Again let me remind you to do your historical research.  For instance, while Pennsylvania was a British colony, anyone who immigrated from Britain was already a citizen.  But not Germans.

The pledge this young man made stated the surname we had been looking for but (AMAZING) that he was going forward with a different surname!

Now, in fact he DID NOT go with a different surname when we find him on census forwards.

But at that moment he must have thought he might want to be perhaps more American. That surname was and is far more common and brings up challenges and possibilities.

But why would he have gotten his citizenship having reached the age of 18 by himself?

Maybe the immigrant parents never got their citizenship.  Maybe they were dead!

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MY DIFFICULT RESEARCH INTO A PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN IMMIGRANT FAMILY : STEP ELEVEN : POST #7

To recap: So far we've looked at actual books on shelves in an honored genealogy research library - the Los Angeles Public Library - for biographies and other information about the surname immigrant German-Prussian family in the city and county where they were found on the 1860 United States Census. The potential was there to be lead to important family members, perhaps participants in local history, to the ownership of land or businesses, as well as on those German - Prussians who came to America on sail ships. 

We've looked at the United States census focusing on the County and City that family lived in 1850 and expanded out to other nearby counties in Eastern Pennsylvania.

We've looked at maps and land and property records,and the history of the area when it comes to waves of German Immigration. We are pretty sure this family came with the Second Wave of Immigrants who brought crafts and skills and were not land owning farmers. 

We went back to Pre and Revolutionary War times and forward to the Civil War and there is some evidence that men with the same surname served but they cannot be linked to the immigrant nuclear family. If we do send money to the Pennsylvania Archive it may be speculative. We might find the name of a town in Prussia that is the origin of that soldier but that might now be a family member.

We went on a foray into Old German language newspapers on databases and got frustrated.

There is evidence of the surname in other counties in Eastern Pennsylvania but not connections to that immigrant nuclear family. There is no record of them being in the country earlier. What is next?

Step Eleven: Ship records for Sail Ships coming into Philadelphia or New York.

Sadly, these records are notoriously spotty. If this were an immigrant family who came through during the steamship era, this search would be a priority because of all the information collected on ship manifests. 

There were some index type cards that might again be of members of an extended family but not the names on that 1850 census, and with near no information.  A lot of people over many years have devoted themselves to these records, finding them and adding them to databases and so on. While there is always the possibility of more being found, nudda.

Back at Los Angeles Public Library I checked all their books (information that links to databases now) and found nothing new... but just in case there had been some indexing error...

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MY DIFFICULT RESEARCH INTO A PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN IMMIGRANT FAMILY : STEP TEN : POST #6

Step 10:  Newspaper search

Ok I have to warn you all that this was the most hopeful and frustrating aspect of this research path.  But here goes.  Using a popular newspaper database (which I'll call database #1), and using the surname and a slight variant (removing the s at the end as the family currently spells it) and the State and City, up came some OLD GERMAN newspapers!  But these databases usually have a way of getting you close to the article where the name appears by throwing a yellow tint where your search term appears.  And that was not going to work since the newspaper was not in English (darn AI!).  As newspapers go these were only a few pages each, but large.  I could not get the larger paper to print, to download and open.  So I reached out for help.

I reached out to FamilySearch volunteers but that went nowhere.

I reached out to the Historical Society in the very town where these newspapers had been printed in the 1840's.  I felt that they might give the names of recent immigrants to the town, perhaps news of a baptism or church membership or - what I would love - the names of new citizens.

A volunteer from the Historical Society contacted me and I tried to send to him from the database to his e-mails the newspapers.  But that didn't work either. Finally weeks later a person who volunteers there and said reading OLD GERMAN was easy for her and that she was willing to accept a donation, blessed us with heroic work. She went on another database (which I'll call database #2) and summoned up the same newspapers. 

She got back to me and said she thought basically the surname had not really come up, that what it all was, was gibberish.

What a dissapointment!

However I had a third party in San Francisco who is certified to read OLD GERMAN documents go to a library there where yet another database was on their computers (which I'll call database #3) and same thing.

I may always wonder if I could print out these newspapers in the original size on that size paper and put them in the hands of an OLD GERMAN reader if indeed they would find the surname but enough time had been spent on this!

However, newspaper searches sometimes do pull up interesting and useful information so I can't tell you not to do them!

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MY DIFFICULT RESEARCH INTO A PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN IMMIGRANT FAMILY : STEP NINE : POST #5

Step nine : Looking for participation in the Civil War

Since the family was on the 1860 census I wondered if we might find relatives who fought in the Civil War who might have been part of the family in Germany-Prussia but did not appear to live in the same house as the immigrant nuclear family group. In other words, perhaps brothers of the head of household. Once again the focus is on discovering where in Germany-Prussia the immigrants left so that I could get into those records and go back further.

There were TWO, one in the same county, and one in a county over.

Using the National Archives and the State of Pennsylvania Archives as well as FamilySearch I was able to find the cards for these two men. The cards showed some basic information on them including that one of them filed for disabled status pension. The question was if there is more information held that these cards lead to and what information it might have.  There was no way to prove that these two men who fought in the Civil War were relatives.

One must pay for this information, per name. I was told there was no way to tell what, if anything, of value might come up.  Because this is speculative, the client is thinking about paying for it.

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MY DIFFICULT RESEARCH INTO A PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN IMMIGRANT FAMILY : STEPS SIX and SEVEN and EIGHT: POST #4

THESE STEPS SHOW AN EXPANSION OF RESEARCH from the focus on the 1860 immigrant nuclear family in Berks.

Step 6 :  Considering the formation of Counties (Philadelphia).

Philadephia County History from the Pennsylvania Historical Society

Looking for other families with the same surname in the larger, historical county and general area (Eastern Pennsylvania).  

As the population grew and settlements grew, more cities were established and counties that were large were divided into smaller ones.  Historical and map research - along with another check at census and in databases such as Ancestry TM and FamilySearch TM were in order.

For instance, someone might say that the ancestors lived in Philadelphia and you might think of the city as it is now, but they might have meant the county named Philadelphia that was cut into three: Philadelphia, Chester, and Bucks. So though my client's immigrant ancestors appear on the 1860 in Bucks, some family members might have been in Chester or Philadelphia Counties.

NOTE THAT DATABASES ARE NOT USING PRESENT TERMS BUT PAST TERMS. So when they lived there is important. What if a child's parents were living in Philadelphia County but when the child was born, that same area was Bucks?

Step 7: Looking at Plat maps of those counties that are available.

When it comes to map that show early land owners (usually farmers) sometimes the surname will relate to other documents held in an archive, sometimes not, such as land sales and purchases or transfers or wills.  It would depend on when exactly that particular county kept these records and if they still exist. We are used to, in modern times, a certain exactitude and knowledge and obedience to the law that did not always exist back in the day when a handshake could be a contractual agreement. So though I might use a database first, what's on a Plat map might not link to what's in the database.

The term for this type of map is a Plat Map.  It shows how land is divided into lots. Some maps will show early roads and other geographical features such as lakes and rivers which may bear the names of these early residents or pioneers. Some are housed in the National Archives of the United States.

Step 8 : Looking at the census for surrounding counties.

However on the census of 1850 in the county one over I did find the surname and it appeared that it might have been a school or some sort of skill based workshop.  Why? Because the 1840 only records the head of household (assumed owner or renter of a building) and the statistical count - a group of males who are teenagers.  I think a master and his apprentices were at that location!

Will there be any way to associate this particular man with the same surname with the family that settles in Berks?  It shows the German surname in Eastern Pennsylvania at a time when it's possible that a family member was there but went uncounted. What if the boys are his sons?  Well the ages are so close.  What if one is a nephew or a son?  A tantalizing possibility.

(Sadly, this went unproven but it is in the report given to the client.)

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MY DIFFICULT RESEARCH INTO A PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN IMMIGRANT FAMILY : STEPS THREE and FOUR and FIVE : POST #2

Step three: Houses and Buildings Owned by the family

The next step was to see if there were property titles (houses or buildings) in the current county with some historical information of ownership.  There is a current database that went back a ways and there were some properties under that surname but it appeared as if the descendants of the immigrants took a couple generations to own property.  These people were once again known individuals and not the original immigrants.

However this, along with no building or land ownership in the family provided an important clue as to when they may have come to America.

Step four : Historical Research into the County

Because the immigrant family did not appear to own any land in Colonial Pennsylvania and did not seem to own any houses or other buildings until a couple generations after that 1870 census where the immigrant group appeared, it suggested that they were not of the earlier immigration of Germans that came to Pennsylvania and settled in the same County who could purchase land - the farmers.  Local history posted on the Internet by the Historical Society showed that the city they lived in was known for its bakeries.  This wave of German immigrants tended to be crafts persons bringing the skills they had in German that those farmers and the burgeoning population needed.

Looking at a web site for the city, I noted that there were some statues honoring the bakers.

Step five : Looking for family members who might have been in the Pennsylvania Militia or who served in the Revolutionary War, and/or who might be listed as members of the honorary societies such as the Sons of the American Revolution or the Daughters of the American Revolution.

The family was on the 1860 census but not the 1850 or the 1840 even though it is possible that some or all of them were in America to be counted.  At the time sail ships were coming into Philadelphia and New York though they could have come in through another harbor or off-shore landing spot.  But there is always the possibility that some relatives of theirs came earlier, providing them refuge or a start in America.  The surname was NOT in the Pennsylvania Militia, the Revolutionary War, or in the Sons of the American Revolution or the Daughters of the American Revolution. So this thoroughness further confirmed they were of a later wave of German Immigrants.

This wave is called The Second Wave.

Why would they NOT be on the earlier census?  Well, census' have never been 100% inclusive.  (I myself was not counted on two census in modern times. At the time it didn't bother me in the least.  I suspect the census taker could not get through our security.)  These people were Germans adjusting to a new country.  There might have also been some fear of being counted.  

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MY DIFFICULT RESEARCH INTO A PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN IMMIGRANT FAMILY : STEPS ONE and TWO : POST #1

Let's face it.  We think Pennsylvania, one of the 13 original states, and we think Germans!  So I want to tell you about a research problem I encountered and maybe you can learn from it.

My client has an illustrious American Historical figure on one side of her family.  Heavily researched.  Books written about. Historical house tours to go on. But her other side, her surname side, the side I researched, is simply not the same.  

Step One : Census research and checking over what family had already done.

Within hours of beginning the research, though I do not go first to databases such as Ancestry TM or FamilySearch TM to see what others have come up with (too many errors and confusion) I was aware that others, likely her family members, had used those databases and posted... Basically between these databases and Find A Grave TM a lot was posted that I did not find inaccuracies with. Clearly they were all waiting for me to make the break through. I told her my goal was to try and find out where in Germany - Prussia they had come from so we could go back further, an idea she loved.

The original immigrants were on the 1850 but because a member said to be born in Prussia might have been about 2 years old when he came, calculating exactly when they came, or if they came together was up in the air.  They are not on the 1840 or 1830 in any state. (Unless going page by page brings up horribly misspelled names.  Time wise I couldn't bill her for that.)

Step Two : Finding out what might have been published in books held by a noteworthy genealogy library.

I went to the main branch of the Los Angeles Public Library, genealogy section, and spent two afternoons.  I pulled every book in the Pennsylvania section that included the county and city. That first generation was on census in 1870 had settled in by then. 

I looked in the books INDEXs for surnames exactly like and sounding like the German surname.  THIRTY BOOKS and no mention of them.

I did find a family they had married with mentioned.  That family was in the Pennsylvania reserves, in the War of Independence, and were landowners as well as - some of them - in Find A Grave.  Also Germans.

If any of those 30 books had information, in particular a biography of a family member in it from the original group of immigrants, it might have been very valuable information. 

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Woe! I had to go back in to repost a couple hours after the first post as some information got scrambled. Forgive me!

THE WONDERFUL MODERN PORTRAITS OF HISTORICAL PERSONALITIES BY ROYALTY NOW : SUMMER PHOTO PROJECT

https://www.royaltynowstudios.com/    Be sure to link to Becca's blog too..

I just love the work of Royalty Now studios and I suggest you link over to her George Washington history and portrait.  When you get to the very end you'll see what he would look like if he were President of the United States now.

ROYALTY NOW YOUTUBE STATION   Harriet Tubman,  Mary Queen of Scots, Vincent Van Gogh and many more.

****

PRESERVE YOUR OWN PHOTO's...

Be sure that you have them in plastic or paper that does not have acid in it.  You can usually purchase the right stuff at art supply stores. It's usually advertised as 'archival."

Go ahead and photograph your photographs, upload them, but think carefully about putting any photos on the Internet or uploading them to databases. I know some of them are prompting you to upload and add to family charts.  Read the fine print and be sure that you retain the copyright as well as the right to remove those images that belong to you and your family.