WHERE DID HARRIET JEFFERSON GO INTO FREEDOM WHEN SHE LEFT HOME AT THE AGE OF 21?

With this excerpt, I end my focus on this wonderful book! I hope you'll get a copy to read through.

 My notes re pages 262-263  :

Harriet, the daughter of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson, was to be freed from the slavery she was born into at the age of 21.Her older brother could have left earlier but he stayed till he was 24. It would seem that they were to leave together, and perhaps they continued to know each other? Any woman who was self supporting in the 19th century was living in poverty. So, despite her skill at weaving, marriage to a man who could provide would be important. Was that possible?  Jefferson let them go WITHOUT MANUMISSION PAPERS. In his farmbook he said they had 'run' but though they were fugitives, no one was looking for them either, and he didn't pursue that.

Excerpt:

"To avoid the paper trail that would connect them to him, Jefferson facilitated Beverley's and Harriet's departures without furnishing them manumission papers. In fact, for anyone who might examine his papers after his death, he wrote in his Farm Book "ran" next to their names. So by law they remained fugitive slaves until the Untied States abolished slavery with the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. Although some states had already abolished slavery or put it on the path to extinction by gradual emancipation before then, the force of the Federal government had always been marshaled in support of slavery, first with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, and then its stronger successor in 1850. Not only was it a federal offense to assist fugitive slaves, the 1850 act required the free states to return runaway slaves to their masters so that even in the North they were not safe.

For forty-three yeas then, Harriet risked forcible return to Virginia and slavery if her identity was discovered and reported... And so would her children.

But Jefferson was not as uncaring as one might think.

Jefferson had his man pay her stage fair to Philadelphia and gave her fifty dollars.  Population 64,000 better than Washington City (D.C.) The city had attracted many manumitted slaves from Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, as well as from the Pennsylvania hinterlands, between 1790 and 1820. 

Basically it seems he covered his daughter's tracks.

Since Jefferson had been in Philadelphia and the Continental Congress he would have been able to arrange for her to make to Philadelphia. But perhaps she got off in Washington City rather than Philadelphia... There also her father had spent 8 years as President of the U.S... Beverly Hemings was in Washington City and went there as a white man....

She was supposedly married to a white man of good standing in Washington City.  Her brother Madison said she raised a family of children but he refused to give any surname or names of children and as late at 1863 said her identity as Harriet Hemings of Monticelllo had never been discovered...

I wonder:

With so many people doing genealogy, it is always possible that someone will discover they are descended from Harriet?

I suspect that there was some chain of communication between Jefferson and his children with Sally. 

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GIVING INTERNET ARCHIVE A TRY : SEARCHING FOR CHEROKEE and CHEROKEE plus GENEALOGY

INTERNET ARCHIVES : CHEROKEE SEARCH  up comes a Cherokee - English dictionary, many books about the culture of this Native American tribe, Compiled Laws of the Cherokee Nation,  mid 19th century Cherokee Baptist booklets

Adding the word genealogy INTERNET ARCHIVES search CHEROKEE + GENEALOGY up comes Cherokee By Blood books.

GIVING INTERNET ARCHIVE A TRY : THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION COLLECTION

INTERNET ARCHIVES : DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION SEARCH brings up lots of DAR Magazines, some lineage books, annual conference books, and much more.  Worth a look!

INTERNET ARCHIVE : LINK TO DAR INDEX ROLLS OF HONOR from 1916  Go to the index and see the names of men who served in the American Revolution...

TRY A SEARCH such as Daughters of the American Revolution + a state

GIVING INTERNET ARCHIVE A TRY - RESEARCHING PENNSYLVANIA and THE WHISKY REBELLION

Internet Archive continually updates publications and other materials that are out of copyright, and for our purposes that means historical research.  Let's say you believe you have an ancestor who was alive in Western Pennsylvania and farmed.  Could that person have been one of the Whisky tax protesters who participated in the Whisky Rebellion (also called The Whisky Insurrection)?  When farmers could not profit from crops planted in rocky soil, they decided to make whisky instead...  Could your ancestor be named? 

ARCHIVE ORG - PENNSYLVANIA published in 1852 about the 1794 Rebellion . The publisher is the Pennsylvania Secretary of the Commonwealth and others.

One of the things I love about this book is that the index is intact and so you can go right to the index with the slide bar and page back. You are bound to see some surnames that are also the names of settlements. There are also references to Six Nations (Native Americans).

ARCHIVE ORG - START PAGE FOR SEARCH

FOR YOU!

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YOU DON'T DESCEND FROM ALL YOUR ANCESTORS : USING KING CHARLES III AS AN EXAMPLE

 

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HARRIET HEMINGS - DAUGHTER OF SALLY - ELITE AMONG SLAVES AT MONTICELLO - AND HER ROUTE TO FREEDOM

Page 190 : This excerpt explains how it was that the Hemings came to live at Monticello with Thomas Jefferson and his wife and then remained after her death.  Harriet Hemings was the daughter of Sally Hemings, born a slave, and President Thomas Jefferson.

Harriet Hemings was born into a family that had stood at the apex of the slave community at Monticello ever since Elizabeth Hemings (Sally's mother and Harriet's grandmother) arrived in 1775.  In Virginia slave's society, whites considered it a mark of favor to position slaves in the plantation house at tasks that required skill and artistry, from woodworking to cooking.  With only two exceptions - the positions of service closest to Jefferson's family were filled by Elizabeth Hemming's extended family. Jefferson's grandson even believed that the Hemingses' privileged position incited what he called "bitter jealousy" among the other slaves....  Hemings family members were a caste apart. They experienced a stability of family life uncommon to most slaves, at Monticello or anywhere else; they were employed in positions of trust (as butlers, valets, chambermaids, and nurses) and of skill (as cooks, carpenters, and artisans) and as products of interracial relationships, they were fairer-skinned than most slaves. Harriet, who was seven-eights white (and therefore under Virginia law, legally white), was described by Jefferson's overseer Edmund Bacon as "nearly as white as anybody, and very beautiful."

Page 193 : *from my notes  (The slaves sold their own garden produce on Sunday afternoons to the Monticello family. Vegetables as well as eggs from their chickens. To feed their own families they also brewed beer, and made butter and cheese. Jefferson's farm books also mention the distribution of clothing to the slaves twice a year. The Hemings family would have received better clothing.

Page 207 : But as a very young child, Harriet would have been unaware of these nuances of status. She may have played with the Randolph girls (Martha Jefferson's children) on their occasional visits to Monticello....  It was not at all unusual in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for very young children, free and enslaved, to spend their days playing together until they began to learn their respective conditions in life.  Nor would a stranger looking at the three little girls have been able to distinguish among them.... (The Randolphs explained their olive skin and dark hair by claiming to be descended from Pocohontas- I'm not sure she had descendants!)

Notes: According to Madison Hemings, who is the chief informant about the family and connection to Jefferson, Jefferson was not in the habit of being demonstrative or showing partiality to any of the children.

Page 208 : Nor did Jefferson follow the example of many planter-fathers in his own day who lived openly with their slave consorts, or claimed the children of those unions and provided for them.  Bachelor fathers in New Orleans made a point of asserting paternity in baptismal records.  When wealthy white Floridians had large mulatto families, they freed and educated their children, and provided for them in their wills, bestowing on them homes, land, and even slaves. In Jefferson's own state, there were multiple examples of fathers who freed their children who had enslaved mothers, educated them, and willed their own acreage to their progeny at their deaths. Of the several who also r the mothers of their children, one even requested that he be buried beside her...

Page 260 : ... in 1806 the Virginia legislature mandated that hensforth all manumitted slaves must leave the Commonwealth within twelve months or be re-enslaved.  Six years earlier, Richmond and been shaken by the sophisticated organization of rebellious slaves who planned to torch the city, seize its arsenal of weapons and capture the governeror and his officials....

Page 261:  In their newspaper ads, white Virginians used at least sixteen different phrases to describe the varying skin tones of their runaway slaves, This remarkable list itself was proof that, as one historian noted, "The racial order was breaking down." 

But even the law did not stipulate a neat divide between black and white. In 1785 the state legislature changed the boundary between whiteness and mulatto from one-eight African ancestry to one-quarter, but it failed to address the ambiguous racial category of people with less than one quarter African blood.  They remained raceless, the law exempting them from the legal category of color but still unwilling to categorically denote them white....

...when the 1830 census taker knocked on Sally Heming's door, he judged her, Madison and Eston white, an indication of both their skin color and the community understanding of their free status after Jefferson's death.  Three years later, however, another official judged them mulatto.....

I've noticed that the same person can be on a census as W or Mulatto or Black from census  year to another, most notably if that person has moved from their home location and was encountering new community...

I mentioned during the first post in this series about this wonderful book that I respected that author Catherine Kerrison had tracked 58 potential Harriets in Washington city as possibly Harriet Hemings, the daughter of Slave Sally Hemings and President Thomas Jefferson, a founding father of the United States of America.  The many pages she devoted to her candidates and their elimination while not detailed in terms of a research path were still interesting and does move to two best candidates. 

This is a good place to link to MONTICELLO GETTING WORD PROJECT where people who are from from Monticello Slave roots can tell their oral histories. 

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THE LAST SUMMER GARDEN BOUQUET

 

LABOR DAY

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MARRIAGE AND MOTHERHOOD - THE PRIMARY WOMAN'S CONCERNS

 Excertps; page 104-105

Marriage , of course, was serious business for women, who surrendered their names, legal identity, property, and bodies to their husbands with the pronouncement of their wedding vows. For all the levity of the young girls' letters, the calculations in choosing a husband were a vital part of their conversations  Perhaps remembering her own parent's loving marriage as she learned about matchmaking in aristocratic circles, Martha was incredulous to hear the manner in which some European men searched for wives; "I recollect you would not believe that now and then people advertise for a wife," Bettie Hawkins wrote from London, enclosing just such an ad from The Morning Post and hoping, "you will believe your own eyes"

***

From pages 108-109 My notes:

Unlike her older sister Martha, Maria Jefferson did not like to write letters. This might have been because she aimed to please - was a perfectionist - or because she expected her father or someone else would also read her letters - and thus could not speak her mind.  

When the two Jefferson daughters were withdrawn from Panthemont, the exclusive and expensive Catholic girl's school in Paris that they attended while their father attended to his representation of the new United States in France, Maria was probably the one who was glad, while Martha would miss it terribly and no doubt be influenced by her experience there for the rest of her life.

To ease the transition, the girls were able to have the student friends they had made come to visit them at their home base in Paris....

In April of 1789 Jefferson brought them back into the family circle at the Hotel de Langeac. This "hotel" was a townhome, a three story building with a nice garden and courtyard and was quite comfortable. They had sometimes visited for weekends away from their convent school, and the building was semi public and any Americans who needed the help of the American government could stop by. Perhaps a result of visitors both girls caught typhus which is caught from fleas or body lice.  (I've seen those death records in Catholic church records from Europe in which it is noted that various people died of typhus. The bacteria gets into the blood stream, a high temperature results, lasting a couple weeks and can cause some permanent damage.) Maria's bout with typhus was severe.

Page 175  (After Maria made it though a birth)

Childbed fever, also called then puerperal fever, could kill as infection invaded the uterus after delivery. Long before doctors understood the impotence of cleanliness in avoiding infection, and the invention of antibiotics, expectant mothers prepared as much for their death as for the new life they would bring into the world. Jack (her husband) was relieved that Maria showed no such symptoms.

Their job was short lived. Within two weeks, their little girl was dead and Maria was suffering greatly from abscesses on her skin. It is possible that she had been instructed, as many eighteenth century mothers were, to withhold milk for the infants' first few days. Today's mothers know that colostrum, the first secretions of the breast after childbirth, contain a rich combination of vitamins and anti-allergens that protect newborns. In the eighteenth century, however, colostrum was thought to be toxic, so mothers waited for what they considered a purer milk flow to be established before nursing. But the baby's death suggests that she had difficulty nursing, rendering Maria vulnerable to mastitis and infections. The milk ducts in her right breast became clogged, and, inflamed with infections and pus, sores broke through to her skin in several places....

Notes:  Sometimes I wonder how humanity survived when so many people seem to have been so ignorant about women's health. 

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